Hi everyone! hope you are well and have a great starting year! Half the paper is written but it is missing some requirements and needs to be expanded to meet the 3500 word count.* Please increase word count to 3500+* Please add references to make it a minimum of 15.* Please add the missing sections as listed on the attached “report organization” file. It should include each part.* Please check the zip files to ensure they meet the requirements.* Please use proper grammar and sentence structuring.* I will send all the google drive files, please read and utilize them when necessary.Here is the original instructions:This is a report paper about visual search and smartphone use! All the information you need will be provided, and please note that it is a MSc report instead of BSc, so please be aware with writing style and vocabularies.Following list please also be aware:1. Information of report structure will be provided in file, so please double check.2. APA referencing style.3. All the resources should be reliable, no wiki, unreliable website4. Introduction shouldn’t be longer than 800 words.5. Focusing on Method and results (these two are very important, especially analysing results).6. Reference should be at least 15 resources.7. 3500 words not including referenceResearch paper’s informations and resources are in the zip file, please do read the paper from Jeremy M. Wolfe first, then go though the power point video for further clarification.-There is a file called ” information sheet” which is for the method (please do paraphrase all the informations you need to write this paragraph, to avoid plagiarism)-There is a file called “report writing” which can be very helpful for structuring research paper, please do follow this guidance (note that introduction shouldn’t be longer than 800 words, the main focus is on analysing data, what does it show and how it link to our hypotheses)-There is also a SPSS file for you to create data that you need to use-In “key reference” you can find related studies to help with this research paper-Please do be aware of repeating words and avoiding too basic level of vocabulariesResearch question:Is there a difference in adult high and low daily smartphone user’s visual attention control?Hypotheses:1.Conjunction visual search will produce slower reaction times for accurate trials than singleton search trials. (Replicating the classic finding in visual search tasks, i.e. exogenous control is faster than endogenous control)2.High smartphone users will show faster visual search than low-users only in singleton trials. (Replicating the effect shown by Portugal et al. (2020) in toddlers with saccadic latency)3.An individual’s average daily smartphone use will be negatively associated with their reaction times only in singleton trials.(Replicating the effect shown by Portugal et al. (2020) in toddlers with saccadic latency)1. Introduction (use only the criteria relating to the introduction). What mark would you give for
each criterion? Explain your mark
a.
Setting the scene
b. Theoretical/empirical background
c. Open Question
d. Aims of present research
e. Hypotheses
2.
Method (use only the criteria relating to the Method). What mark would you give for each
criterion? Explain your mark
a.
Design
b. Participants
c. Materials/Stimuli
d. Procedure
3.
Results (use only the criteria relating to the Results). What mark would you give for each
criterion? Explain your mark
a.
Descriptive Statistics/Reporting
b. Descriptive Statistics/Graphs/Tables
c. Inferential: Choice of Statistical Test
d. Inferential: Reporting Statistical Test
4.
Discussion (use only the criteria relating to the Discussion). What mark would you give for each
criterion? Explain your mark
a.
Summary of findings
b. Implications for open questions
c. Implications for theoretical/empirical background
d. Limitations
e. Further research
1. Abstract: What mark would you give? Explain your mark
Running head: VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
Visual Search and Smartphone Use
Student’s Name
Institutional affiliation
1
VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
2
Visual Search and Smartphone Use
Introduction
The paper aims at analyzing the visual search and smartphone use. The report will
involve conducting an assessment and analysis using SPSS, interpreting the results, and
providing a conclusion. Therefore, the paper’s structure will include the theoretical background,
open question, aim, and hypothesis. The second chapter will entail the methodology, which will
incorporate the design, participants, materials, and procedure. The third chapter will involve the
results, which will be analyzed based on descriptive statistics and reporting, graph and table
presentation, inferential statistical test, and reporting statistical test. The fourth chapter will
involve discussion, which will focus on providing the summary of findings, implications of open
questions, the implication of empirical background, limitation, and further research.
Theoretical/Empirical Background
Theeuwes (2010) indicated that people continuously engage in visual search every day to
guide their behaviors. According to the author, when searching visually, people tend to search
for certain objects, thereby realizing that people attend to objects in their environment, which
they had no intention of looking for. The selection of objects is controlled by the voluntary topdown manner or by features of stimulus properties in the surrounding in what Theeuwes (2010)
terms as a bottom-up way. The allocation of attention is started voluntarily based on behavioral
goals. The top-down is the selection where a person applies the selection under the observer’s
control intentions. The selection becomes volitional when a person chooses at will what to select
in one’s environment. The bottom-up is a selection in which there are existing feature properties
in the surrounding (Theeuwes, 2010). In research by Wolfe (2015), the author indicated that one
or more kinds of information direct the use of attention in visual search. Accordingly, Wolfe
VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
3
articulated that the most widely researched sources of direction are the pre-attentive features,
such as size, color, and motion. One does not require to chose a particular location or object to
assess that there is redness in that location or motion. Therefore, signals from pre-attentive
processing are utilized, guiding attention on bottom-up or top-down. According to Wolfe (2015),
the bottom-up and top-down can, at times, work against one another.
Eckstein’s (2011) noted that human visual search entails oculomotor control via the
fixation eye movements, changing the visual attention, and comprehending the variation in visual
movements as decision strategies and search progresses.
Open Question
Is there a difference in adult high and low daily smartphone user’s visual attention control?
Hypotheses
i.
Conjunction visual search will produce slower reaction times for accurate trials than
singleton search trials. (Replicating the classic finding in visual search tasks, i.e.,
exogenous control is faster than endogenous control)
ii.
High smartphone users will show faster visual search than low-users only in singleton
trials. (Replicating the effect shown by Portugal et al. (2020) in toddlers with saccadic
latency)
iii.
An individual’s average daily smartphone use will be negatively associated with their
reaction times only in singleton trials. (Replicating the effect shown by Portugal et al.
(2020) in toddlers with saccadic latency)
VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
4
Results
The section explains the statistical findings from the collected experimental data analysis
to answer the research question while rejecting the null statements. Notably, the section will
include tables and charts that offer insights into the research finding and explain the descriptive
and inferential analysis’s statistical results.
Descriptive Statistics
Bell, Bryman, and Harley (2018) defined descriptive statistics as a summary that provides
various characteristics attributed to different quantitative variables. The descriptive statistics
include the frequency table and charts for the categorial attributes and central tendency and
dispersion measures for the continuous variables.
Genders
The pie chart below illustrates the gender of the participants in the experiment on visual
search and smartphone use.
Figure 1 shows that most of the
experiment participants were
females depicting 80.45 percent of
the total respondents. Nonetheless,
the experiment males were 18.64 %,
while 0.91 % of the participants
expressed their genders as others.
Figure 1: The figure illustrates the respondent’s gender (N 220)
VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
User Group
The variable user group described the median split average daily smartphone use, with a
median = 214 mins. The attribute depicts a categorical element classified as the low user with a
score less than the median. The high-user group describes a score greater than or equal to the
median smartphone use of 214 minutes. The bar chart below illustrates the variable user group
representing the participant’s smartphone usage.
Figure 2 illustrates the User Group that
described the participant’s usage of the
smartphone daily. Based on the model,
48.64 percent of the participants were
categorized as Low-Users. In comparison,
51.36 percent of the study respondents
were High-Smartphone user respondents,
marking a median above or equal to 214 minutes per day.
Measures of Variation and Central Tendency
The table below illustrates the measure of variation and the central tendency for the
selected continuous variables.
Explanation
5
VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
6
Table 1 shows that the respondents’ average age was 30.65 years, with sd = 7.670 years.
The youngest participant in the study was 18 years, while the oldest respondent was 61 years of
age. Subsequently, the average minutes that the participants used the smartphone was 264.385
minutes with sd= 197.6982 minutes. Similarly, some of the participants depicted not spending
time using a smartphone, describing a minimum of 0 minutes with a maximum of 1439 minutes
spend on a smartphone. The reaction time for the correct singleton trial depicted mean=830.7195
ms, sd=178.5116. On the other hand, the minimum and maximum reaction time for singleton
were 604.1729 and 1990.7917 ms. Lastly, the reaction time for the correct conjunction Trials
(ms) depicted the mean=965.4065, sd = 214.2463, with a minimum and maximum 647.78 and
2125.15, respectively.
Inferential Statistics
Asadoorian and Kantarelis (2005) noted that inferential statistics illustrate the finding
from a statistical analysis that enhances a researcher’s ability to conclude a selected sample and
generalize the results to the entire population that depicts the same characteristics the population.
The inferential statistics from the experiment seeks to reject the null statements.
Hypothesis 1
Ho: Conjunction visual search will produce slower reaction times for accurate trials than
singleton search trials.
VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
7
Inference
From the table 2 above, t= -22.913, P= 0.000, less than the statistical power α=0.05. The
finding illustrates the mean differences between conjunction visual and singleton search are of
statistical significance. The findings reject the null statement at a 95 percent confidence level.
Therefore, we can conclude that conjunction visual search does not produce slower reaction
times for accurate trials than singleton search trials.
Hypothesis 2
Ho: High smartphone users will show faster visual search than low-users only in singleton trials.
Inference
Table 3 illustrates the ANOVA results, depicting F = 0.351, P=0.554, greater than
statistical power α=0.05. The finding indicated no statistically significant mean difference
between two groups Low-User and High-User, for singleton trials. Thus, we accept the null
statement and conclude that high smartphone users will show faster visual search than low-users
only in singleton trials at a 95 percent confidence level.
Hypothesis 3
Ho: An individual’s average daily smartphone use will be negatively associated with their
reaction times only in singleton trials.
VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
8
Table 4
Correlations
Average Daily Smartphone Reaction Time for Correct
use (minutes)
Singleton Trials (ms)
Average Daily Smartphone use Pearson Correlation
(minutes)
Sig. (2-tailed)
Reaction Time for Correct
Singleton Trials (ms)
Reaction Time for Correct
Conjunction Trials (ms)
1
Reaction Time for Correct
Conjunction Trials (ms)
.040
.006
.555
.925
N
220
220
220
Pearson Correlation
.040
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.555
**
.917
.000
N
220
220
220
Pearson Correlation
.006
.917**
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.925
.000
N
220
220
220
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Inference
From the correlational table 4 above, the association between average daily smartphone
use and correct singleton reaction time is Pearson Correlation = 0.040, which is a positive
correlation. Thus, we conclude that an individual’s average daily smartphone use will not be
negatively associated with their reaction times only in singleton trials. In this case, the average
everyday smartphone use will positively associate with the reaction time depicted in singleton
trials.
Discussion
Summary of Findings
The statistical analysis, the experiment on visual search and smartphone uses in the
population, including the singleton trial and conjunction trial. The study shows that the
conjunction visual search does not produce a slower reaction time for accurate trials than
singleton search trials. Another significant finding from the analysis depicts that high
smartphone users will show faster visual search than low-users only in singleton trials at a 95
percent confidence level. Besides, the findings indicate that the average everyday smartphone
use would positively associate with the reaction time depicted in singleton trials.
VISUAL SEARCH AND SMARTPHONE USE
9
References
Asadoorian, M. O., & Kantarelis, D. (2005). Essentials of inferential statistics. University Press
of America.
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Eckstein, M. P. (2011). Visual search: A retrospective. Journal of vision, 11(5), 14-14. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1167/11.5.14
Theeuwes, J. (2010). Top-down and bottom-up control of visual selection: Reply to
commentaries. Acta Psychologica, 135(2), 133.
Wolfe, J. M. (2015). Visual search. Visual Attention Laboratory, Brigham & Women’s Hospital,
64 Sidney Street Suite 170, Cambridge, MA 02139-4170, USA. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.016
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
Why Choose Us
- 100% non-plagiarized Papers
- 24/7 /365 Service Available
- Affordable Prices
- Any Paper, Urgency, and Subject
- Will complete your papers in 6 hours
- On-time Delivery
- Money-back and Privacy guarantees
- Unlimited Amendments upon request
- Satisfaction guarantee
How it Works
- Click on the “Place Order” tab at the top menu or “Order Now” icon at the bottom and a new page will appear with an order form to be filled.
- Fill in your paper’s requirements in the "PAPER DETAILS" section.
- Fill in your paper’s academic level, deadline, and the required number of pages from the drop-down menus.
- Click “CREATE ACCOUNT & SIGN IN” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record-keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page.
- From there, the payment sections will show, follow the guided payment process and your order will be available for our writing team to work on it.