Help me fix this article, or rewrite the most problematic parts.Especially the third and fourth pages.The other parts were written by my group members, so you can refer to my group’s writing style, and I also posted our teacher’s teaching ppt.All resources are from the NBER. Thanks!References
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5
SOURCES & LITERATURE REVIEW
ECON 774: SENIOR ECONOMICS SEMINAR
A. FINDING SOURCES
PAPER REQUIREMENTS
18 or more “high quality” references
10 or more of these are academic studies of your research
question (from journals, book chapters or think tanks)
Other references that are not research studies but provide
background information, statistics and motivation for your
research
WHAT IS “HIGH QUALITY”?
Not Wikipedia or whatever comes up on Google!!
1. Academic journal articles
2. Books
3. High quality print media outlets
Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post
The Economist, Foreign Affairs, Financial Times
WHAT IS “HIGH QUALITY”?
4. For most of you, private sector published reports are unlikely, but if
they are appropriate to your topic that’s fine.
5. Material from research think tank websites
Statistics, issue briefs, policy briefs
6. Material from government/NGO websites
Example: Bureau of Labor Statistics Beyond the Numbers articles
Example: World Bank Country Focus reports
Example: Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the U.S. reports
EXAMPLE FROM ONE OF MY RECENT ARTICLES
“The ACA has made significant gains in achieving its primary goals of expanding
health insurance and reversing the steadily increasing trend in uninsurance.
Among the non-elderly, the uninsured rate fell from 18.4% in 2010 to a historic
low of 10.1% in 2016, as almost 26 million Americans newly gained coverage
(U.S. Census Bureau 2010, 2017).”
U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010.
P60-238.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2017. Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2016. P60-260.
EXAMPLE FROM ONE OF MY RECENT ARTICLES
“The ACA has made significant gains in achieving its primary goals of expanding
health insurance and reversing the steadily increasing trend in uninsurance.
Among the non-elderly, the uninsured rate fell from 18.4% in 2010 to a historic
low of 10.1% in 2016, as almost 26 million Americans newly gained coverage
(U.S. Census Bureau 2010, 2017). ”
U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010.
P60-238.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2017. Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2016. P60-260.
THINK TANKS
Usually not-for-profit research organizations that are not affiliated with
universities, firms, or governments
Study a wide range of issues from economics to foreign policy
Have a range of ideological perspectives & areas of specialty
MAJOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH THINK TANKS
Urban Institute
Economic Policy
Institute
Center on Budget &
Policy Priorities
LEFT
Heritage Foundation
RAND
Brookings
CENTER
American Enterprise
Institute
Cato Institute
RIGHT
EXAMPLE FROM URBAN INSTITUTE
https://www.urban.org/research/publication/insights-early-state-effortsaddress-opioid-crisis
EXAMPLE FROM AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE
https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/aei-housing-marketnowcast-weeks-of-october-10-october-23-2020/
EXAMPLE FROM BROOKINGS (TAX POLICY CENTER)
https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/green-new-deal-would-cost-lotgreen
GOVERNMENT RESOURCES (U.S. EXAMPLES)
Executive branch agencies have research & data-gathering functions
Bureau of Labor Statistics (Department of Labor) at www.bls.gov
Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services (Department of Health &
Human Services) at www.cms.gov
Congressional support agencies
Government Accountability Office (GAO) at https://www.gao.gov/
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) at https://www.cbo.gov/
GOVERNMENT RESOURCES (U.S. EXAMPLES)
Independent agencies
Social Security Administration
Federal Trade Commission
Securities & Exchange Commission
Federal Reserve Banks
Boston: https://www.bostonfed.org/publications-and-data.aspx#/
St. Louis: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/
GOVERNMENTS & INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGS
World Bank
Specializes in development & poverty
http://www.worldbank.org/en/research
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Created to protect stability of financial system
https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
World Trade Organization
United Nations
B. THE LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH STUDIES FOR LITERATURE REVIEW
Requirement for paper:
Summarize at least 10 studies either on your research question
(ideally) or related closely to it
Synthesize this literature
Compare & contrast approaches taken by authors
Compare & contrast results
ACADEMIC JOURNALS
One search should take place on EconLit
library.unh.edu → Databases → EconLit with Full Text
Published papers in economics only
Another search should take place on Google Scholar
scholar.google.com
Includes unpublished papers & ones from other disciplines
You will need to sift through more carefully
ECON LIT ON LIBRARY WEBSITE
ACADEMIC JOURNALS
One search should take place on EconLit
library.unh.edu → Databases → EconLit with Full Text
Published papers in economics only
Another search should take place on Google Scholar
scholar.google.com
Includes unpublished papers & ones from other disciplines
You will need to sift through more carefully
OTHER RESEARCH STUDY SOURCES
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) at nber.org
Excellent research studies not yet published in journals (many of them
in the review process)
OTHER RESEARCH STUDY SOURCES
Federal Reserve Bank Research Departments
Working papers: https://www.frbsf.org/economicresearch/publications/working-papers/#2016
Publications:
https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly
** NOTE – they do more than macro!
COMPILING A LITERATURE REVIEW
As a starting point, gather more papers than you think you will need.
Some papers will not fit your topic
Some may be too advanced theoretically or statistically.
Give them a relatively quick read to see if they will work for you, focusing
on:
Introduction
Methods & Results – just to see if you can get basic idea/approach
Conclusion
UNDERSTANDING AN ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPER
1. What question is the author asking? Is there a specific null hypothesis?
2. What is the theory behind this question or hypothesis?
3. How does the proposed study expand upon previous research on this topic?
4. What is the general methodology the author uses (including data)?
5. What is the conclusion of the paper (based upon the evidence provided)?
6. How do these results/conclusion compare to other research in the area?
PROCESS
Many experienced researchers (e.g., your professors) find that organizing
lit review information into an outline or index cards makes writing a lot
easier.
Writing directly from a pile of papers (or much worse, a bunch of files
open on your laptop) does not make for a clear, well-organized section.
NOTE CARD EXAMPLE
Citation: Doyle, Joseph J. 2005. “Health Insurance, Treatment and
Outcomes: Using Auto Accidents as Health Shocks.” Review of
Economics and Statistics 87(2): 256-270.
Research Question: Does
health insurance coverage
affect health outcomes?
Data: Police records from
accident (individual
characteristics, insurance
coverage) merged to hospital
treatment data (mortality,
inpatient days)
Methodology:
Compare individuals without
health insurance to those who
had auto insurance but no
health insurance
Result:
Those without health
insurance had 45% higher
mortality rate
OUTLINE EXAMPLE
Currie, Janet and W. Bentley MacLeod. 2008. “First Do No Harm? Tort Reform and
Birth Outcomes.” Quarterly Journal of Economics.
Objective: test impact of caps on medical malpractice awards on medical outcomes,
specifically those for births
Data: Vital Statistics birth files, 1989-2001; measures include complications during
deliver, poor score on infant health test after birth
Contributions of paper: (1) specific focus on labor & delivery; (2) differentiate
between high-risk and other cases, hypothesizing that physicians have less discretion
in high-risk cases
OUTLINE EXAMPLE
Theoretical predictions
Reduction in damage caps should reduce individual physician’s liability,
increase moral hazard, which will increase the error rate.
Results
Lower caps increase incidence of c-sections (same effect on induced
labor, suggesting most c-sections were unplanned); increases
complications; no effect on APGAR test score
FROM OUTLINE TO TEXT
The essence of what I might write is : “Currie and MacLeod (2008)
hypothesize that caps on malpractice damage awards do W. They use
data on birth outcomes from Vital Statistics to do X They analyze this
data by doing Y. They find Z.”
But it would be longer. More detail from the paper. More framing of
the implication of the result. And transitions to/from next/former
study.
WRITING IT UP
About one paragraph per article is usually right. Key articles related to
your question may require 2 or 3 paragraphs, especially if the
methodology is complicated or there are multiple outcomes/results.
There are almost no circumstances in which economists use quotations in literature
reviews. That means that almost everything an author says can be put into other
words and still retain its meaning.
EXAMPLE (SHORTER IN A PUBLISHED PAPER)
WRITING IT UP
About one paragraph per article is usually right. Key articles related to
your question will require 2 or 3 paragraphs, especially if the
methodology is complicated or there are multiple outcomes/results.
There are almost no circumstances in which economists use quotations
in literature reviews. That means that almost everything an author says
can be put into other words and still retain its meaning.
I will deduct credit for unnecessary quotations. If in doubt, ask me.
WRITING IT UP
How do you organize the section? Several options depending on what your
literature looks like.
Chronologically
Works well for traditional questions like taxation and investment or
interest rates and economic growth
Theme: How has our understanding changed over time?
By Result
Works well in literatures where there are conflicting findings like
minimum wage and employment
WRITING IT UP
How do you organize the section? Several options depending on what your
literature looks like.
By Method
Works within large literature (often spanning some time) with results that
differ and a variety of methodological tools
Theme: Different sources of data or types of estimation produce different
results.
Note that you don’t have to go into detail about the estimation itself
WRITING IT UP
Your final task in a good literature review (especially for this project) is to
synthesize the literature. You can do this as you go along (see “themes” on
previous slides) and/or in the concluding paragraphs of the review.
What are the various methods researchers have used to try to answer your
question?
How do the results of various studies compare?
If they don’t, are there particular studies you find more compelling? Why?
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