In a paragraph or two, describe your experience performing Lab 14: The Urinary System. Then answer the laboratory questions for Lab 11. The enclosed word document is what I need filled out and complete, plus 1-2 paragraph describing your experience performing this lab. The other attachments are for reference to complete this lab. Please see attachmentsExperiment 1
Introduction to Science
Kidney Filtration
Experiment Inventory
Materials
Labware
2 Small Rubber Bands
30 cm Dialysis Tubing
3 mL Congo Red Stain
Pipette
3 mL Yellow Food Coloring
(2) 250 mL Beakers
*Water
100 mL Graduated Cylinder
Note: You must provide the materials listed in *red.
10 mL Graduated Cylinder
EXPERIMENT 1: KIDNEY FILTRATION
The kidneys filter blood, removing waste. In this experiment, you will simulate kidney filtration. The dialysis bag will represent part
of the kidney and the solution containing Congo Red, yellow food coloring, and water will represent blood as it enters the kidney
through the renal artery. As the experiment progresses, notice the filtration that occurs within the dialysis tubing, and the substances that result from filtration.
PROCEDURE
1. Use the 100 mL graduated cylinder to measure and fill a 250 mL beaker with 200 mL of water. Place the dialysis tubing in
the beaker and submerge it for 10 minutes.
2. Remove the tubing from the water after 10 minutes. Use your index finger and thumb to rub the sides of the dialysis tubing
open. This will create a tube-like shape.
3. Secure a small rubber band around the bottom of the dialysis tubing to seal it. Wrap the rubber band around the dialysis
tubing as many times as possible.
4. To test that the dialysis tubing will not leak, pour a small amount of water into the tubing. If water leaks out of the bottom, the
rubber band is not tight enough. If water does not leak, pour the water out of the tubing into a sink and set the tubing aside.
5. If the volume of water in your 250 mL beaker has decreased, refill it with 200 mL of water.
6. Use the 10 mL graduated cylinder to measure 3 mL of Congo red stain. Then, pour it into the empty 250 mL beaker, and
rinse the graduated cylinder.
7. Use the 10 mL graduated cylinder to measure 3 mL of yellow food coloring. Then, pour it into the same beaker as the Congo
red stain, and rinse the graduated cylinder.
8. Use the 10 mL graduated cylinder to measure 5 mL of water. Then, pour it into the same beaker as the Congo red stain and
yellow food coloring.
9. Use a pipette to mix the solution of Congo red, yellow food coloring, and water.
10. Pipette 10 mL of the dye solution into the dialysis tubing. Then, seal the dialysis tubing by wrapping a second rubber band
around the top of it.
© eScience Labs, 2016
11. Observe the solution in the dialysis tubing and the water in the 250 mL beaker. Record in Table 1 what solutions are present
in each container before the experiment begins.
12. Place the sealed dialysis tubing into the 250 mL beaker containing 200 mL of water.
13. Wait 60 minutes. Look for any diffusion that may have occurred through the dialysis tubing (inbound or outbound). Then,
record which solutions are present in each container in Table 2.
© eScience Labs, 2016
Data Sheet
Experiment 1 Data Sheet
Table 1: Solutions Present in Each Container Before 60 Minutes Submersion
Solution
Congo Red
Yellow Food Coloring
Dialysis Tubing
Beaker
Table 2: Solutions Present in Each Container After 60 Minutes Submersion
Solution
Congo Red
Yellow Food Coloring
Dialysis Tubing
Beaker
© eScience Labs, 2016
Experiment 2
Urinalysis
Experiment Inventory
Materials
Labware
25 mL Simulated Urine Sample A
(4) Glass Test Tubes
25 mL Simulated Urine Sample B
Test Tube Rack
25 mL Simulated Urine Sample C
100 mL Graduated Cylinder
25 mL Simulated Urine Sample D
(16) Pipettes
(4) pH Test Strips
*Hot Water Bath
15 mL Benedict’s Solution
*Hot Pad or Towel
10 mL 3% Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2
10 mL Biuret Solution
*Stopwatch/Timer
*Permanent Marker
Note: You must provide the materials listed in *red.
EXPERIMENT 2: URINALYSIS
Urine is the waste product filtered by the kidney. It is composed of various bodily wastes as well as excess water. Urine is also
a helpful tool for doctors when diagnosing various conditions in patients. In this experiment, you will perform a urinalysis on four
different urine samples, testing a variety of components. When all components have been tested, you will determine which urine
samples are “abnormal” using Table 3.
PROCEDURE
Part 1: Testing pH
1. Use the permanent marker to label the test tubes A, B, C, and D.
2. Place the test tubes in the test tube rack.
3. Use a pipette to add 5 mL of Simulated Urine Sample A to the corresponding test tube.
4. Repeat Step 3 with samples B, C, and D. Use a new pipette for each sample.
5. Dip the reaction pad on one pH strip into Sample A for 5 – 10 seconds, and then remove it. Wait approximately 30 seconds,
and then compare the resulting color on the pad to the color key (color key provided with the pH strips).
6. Record the pH of Sample A in Table 4.
7. Repeat Steps 5 and 6 with samples B, C, and D. Use a new pH test strip each time.
Part 2: Glucose Test
1. Wash and dry test tubes A – D. Relabel the tubes if the letters wash off.
2. Replace the test tubes in the test tube rack.
3. Use a pipette to add 5 mL of Simulated Urine Sample A to the corresponding test tube.
© eScience Labs, 2016
4. Repeat Step 3 with samples B, C, and D. Use a new pipette each time.
5. Add 3 mL of Benedict’s solution to each test tube. Gently swirl each tube to mix the solutions.
6. Record the color of the urine samples in Table 5.
7. Prepare a hot water bath. To do this, pour enough water into a pot or deep microwaveable bowl to cover the solution in the
test tubes. For example, if the solutions in the tubes are approximately 6 cm deep, fill the pot or bowl with at least 6.1 cm of
water.
8. Heat the water on a stove or in a microwave until boiling.
9. Use a hot pad or towel to carefully remove the pot or bowl from the heat source.
10. Place all four tubes into the boiling water bath for 3 minutes. If you do not want to hold the test tubes in the water, you may
place the test tubes in a container. However, monitor the set-up to ensure that the tubes do not tip over.
11. Use a hot pad or towel to carefully remove the test tubes from the hot water. Place them in the test tube rack, then record
the color change in Table 5.
Note: A reducing sugar is present in the sample if a red, yellow, or green precipitate forms.
Part 3: Protein Test
1. Wash test tubes A – D. Relabel the tubes if the letters wash off.
2. Replace the test tubes in the test tube rack.
3. Use a pipette to add 5 mL of Simulated Urine Sample A to the corresponding test tube.
4. Repeat Step 3 with samples B, C, and D. Use a new pipette each time.
5. Record the color of each sample in Table 6.
6. Add 25 drops of Biuret solution to each test tube.
7. Gently remove sample A from the rack and swirl the solution. Watch for a color change as you swirl. Record any color
changes in Table 6.
8. Repeat Step 7 with samples B, C, and D.
Part 4: Yeast Test
1. Wash test tubes A – D. Relabel the tubes if the letters wash off.
2. Replace the test tubes in the test tube rack.
3. Use a pipette to add 5 mL of Simulated Urine A to the corresponding test tube.
4. Repeat Step 3 with samples B, C, and D. Use a new pipette each time.
5. Record the presence or absence of bubbles in Table 7.
6. Add 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide to each test tube.
7. Gently swirl each tube to mix the solutions.
8. Observe the test tubes, and record the presence or absence of bubbles.
Part 5: Ketone Test
1. Wash test tubes A – D. Relabel the tubes if the letters wash off.
2. Replace the test tubes in the test tube rack.
3. Use a pipette to add 5 mL of Simulated Urine A to the corresponding test tube.
4. Repeat Step 3 with samples B, C, and D. Use a new pipette each time.
5. Using a wafting motion (pull your hand over the tube without bringing the tube directly to your nose), note the odor of each
sample. Record your observations in Table 8.
© eScience Labs, 2016
Part 6: Determination of Normal and Abnormal Urine Samples
1. Determine if each result was normal or abnormal for the urine specimens using Table 3. If abnormal, include supporting data
from your experiment.
© eScience Labs, 2016
Data Sheet
Experiment 2 Data Sheet
Table 3: Urine Test
Test
Normal
Abnormal
Acidic Urine (below 4.5) – Diabetes, starvation, dehydration, respiratory
acidosis.
Alkaline Urine (above 7.5) – Kidney disease, kidney failure, urinary tract
infection, respiratory alkalosis.
pH
4.5 – 7.5
Glucose
None
Glucose present (red or green color after test); diabetes mellitus.
Protein
None
Protein present (violet color after test); kidney disease.
Yeast
None
Yeast present (bubbles form after test); yeast infection in urinary tract.
Ketones
Little or None
Large amount of ketones present (sweet smell of urine); starvation,
prolonged vomiting, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and other metabolic
disorders.
Table 4: Simulated Urine pH Test
Simulated Urine Sample
A
B
C
D
pH
Table 5: Simulated Urine Glucose Test
Simulated Urine Sample
Color Before Hot
Water Bath
Color After Hot
Water Bath
A
B
C
D
Table 6: Simulated Urine Protein Test
Simulated Urine Sample
Color Before Biuret
Solution
Color After Biuret
Solution
A
B
C
D
© eScience Labs, 2016
Table 7: Simulated Urine Yeast Test
Simulated Urine Sample
Bubbles Before Hydrogen
Peroxide?
Bubbles After Hydrogen
Peroxide?
A
B
C
D
Table 8: Simulated Urine Ketone Test
Simulated Urine Sample
Odor Observation
A
B
C
D
© eScience Labs, 2016
Experiment 3
Introduction to Science
Virtual Model – The Urinary System
Experiment Inventory
Materials
Virtual Model
*Internet Access
*Computer Access
Note: You must provide the materials listed in *red.
EXPERIMENT 3: VIRTUAL MODEL – THE URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system filters liquids. This system can discern between waste products formed by the digestive tract and the chemicals
required for life, such as sodium and potassium. The majority of the urinary system’s action occurs in the kidneys, where complex
tubules filter chemical components. However, there are other organs involved in waste removal. In this experiment, you will use the
virtual model to better understand the organs that make up the urinary system.
PROCEDURE
1. Open the virtual model website.
2. Familiarize yourself with the virtual model. Navigate the model by using the commands below:
a. Select the body system of interest from the box in the upper left-hand corner of the model. Note that some body
systems may have multiple options for viewing (e.g., for the nervous system, you can select either the general
anatomy or the brain).
b. Hover your cursor over different areas on the model to display labeled terms.
c. Click on any component of the body to view a description of its function.
d. In the bottom right-hand corner of the model you will see a two magnifying glasses with with a “+” at the bottom
and a “-“ at the top. Click on these buttons to zoom in and out of the virtual model.
e. When zoomed in, use your cursor to click and drag the virtual model to the area of interest.
g. Use the “Views” pop-up menu to change the orientation of the virtual model. These options may include the
anterior view, posterior view, lateral view, superior view, and inferior view of the virtual model. Note that not
all options may be available for each system.
h. Some systems may have multiple layers to explore. Click on “Layers” pop-up menu to access a deeper
layer of the system of interest if available for the system being observed.
3. After you are comfortable with the Virtual Model interface, select the Urinary System option. Then select Male Urinary System.
4. Click through the urinary system components.
© eScience Labs, 2016
Note: Zoom in on the urinary system to reveal all elements. Some components are only visible when you
zoom in. Remember that you will need to reorient the virtual model to observe the entirety of the urinary system.
5. Hover the cursor over different components to view the name. Click on each component to view a description of it.
Hint: Review the post-lab questions as you work through the urinary system.
6. Click the “Depth” button to view the second layer of the urinary system.
Note that the second layer can only be seen when the virtual model is in
the anterior view (Figure 8).
7. As you move through the model, take a screenshot or use your cell phone
to take a picture of the urinary system components listed below. Submit
these images to your instructor along with your post-lab questions.
a. Prostate
Figure 8: Work your way through the urinary system to
b. Renal Medulla
of this system.
better understand the anatomical placement and function
c. Renal Pelvis
Hint: Be sure to hover your mouse over the urinary system component to reveal its label in the image.
8. Once you have completed your overview of the urinary system, answer the post-lab questions.
© eScience Labs, 2016
Experiment 4
Introduction to Science
Fetal Pig Dissection – The Urinary System
Experiment Inventory
Materials
Fetal Pig
Dissection Tray
Dissection Tools Kit
String (attached to pig’s hooves)
EXPERIMENT 4: FETAL PIG DISSECTION – THE URINARY SYSTEM
Like many other systems, the urinary system of the fetal pig provides a good representation of the anatomy of the human urinary
system. This experiment will guide you through an exploration of the fetal pig urinary system.
PROCEDURE
1. To begin, lay down your underpad and place your dissecting tray on top of it. Be sure you have all of your safety equipment
on before beginning.
2. Once prepared, gently open the bag your pig is in.
Note: DO NOT destroy this bag or empty out the preserving solution within the bag. You will need it for the
whole semester.
3. Lay your pig onto the dissecting tray, ventral side facing up. Slide the strings over the dissection tray to hold the pig in place.
4. Peel back and pin down the flaps of the abdominal wall to expose the internal organs of the pig.
5. Gently push the intestines to one side (do not remove). Leave a portion of the large intestine in place. This will be used to
locate the rectum.
6. Locate the kidneys. These are small, bean-shaped organs against the dorsal wall of the body.
7. Looking at the kidneys, locate the adrenal glands. These sit near the superior surface of the kidneys.
8. Locate the ureter (Figure 9). This stems from the medial surface of
the kidney. Near the origin of the ureter, note the renal vein and renal
artery.
9. Follow the ureters posteriorly until you locate the urinary bladder and
urethra (Figure 10). Note the elongation of the urinary bladder in the
fetal pig. This occurs because the urinary bladder is actually connected to the umbilical cord in a fetus for waste removal. If urine generated by the fetus were to pass the urethra as it does in adults, the
Figure 9: Close view of the kidney and ureter.
amniotic sac would become toxic.
© eScience Labs, 2016
Figure 10: Close view of the urinary bladder.
10. Return to the kidney. Carefully make a longitudinal incision along the side of the kidney, as if you were cutting a bean in half.
Gently lay the kidney open.
11. The interior of the kidney has three different regions: the inner renal pelvis, where the ureter begins, the middle medulla that
contains the renal pyramids, and the outer cortex. Locate these three regions within the kidney (use Figure 2 in the introductory text for reference).
12. Follow the process of waste removal from the fetal pig. Blood flows into the kidneys from the renal arteries. The blood passes through many small vessels that remove waste, water, and other ions. The cleansed blood then flows out of the kidney
via renal veins. The waste is collected and passes through the inner renal pelvis into the ureter, on its way to the urinary
bladder. The waste collects in the urinary bladder until it flows down the urethra and is expelled from the body.
13. To finish, locate the bag the pig came in. Gently place the pig back into the bag, and tightly secure the bag with a rubber
band, or place the pig in the zip-seal bag provided in the dissection box.
14. Place the pig back into the cool environment you had previously stored it in. Remember, the best place to keep the pig is in
a cool, dark place.
15. After your pig has been put away, clean off your dissecting tray and dissecting tools with soap and water. Biological scraps
should not be thrown into the garbage. Securely store the biological scraps until the end of the term so that they can be
properly disposed of at one time.
16. Clean the area in which you worked with soap and water. As long as the underpad has not been damaged, keep it for future
experiments.
© eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the function of the ureter?
2. Compare and contrast the male and female urethra.
3. Describe the two layers of the kidneys.
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
EXPERIMENT 1: KIDNEY FILTRATION
Data Tables
Table 1: Solutions Present in Each Container Before 60 Minutes Submersion
Solution
Dialysis Tubing
Beaker
Congo Red
Yellow Food Coloring
Table 2: Solutions Present in Each Container After 60 Minutes Submersion
Solution
Dialysis Tubing
Beaker
Congo Red
Yellow Food Coloring
Post-Lab Questions
1. What specific component of the kidney does the dialysis tubing represent? What is the
function of this component?
2. What does the yellow food coloring represent at the end of the experiment? What does
the Congo Red stain represent?
3. Why is it important that the kidney filters blood?
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
EXPERIMENT 2: URINALYSIS
Data Tables
Table 3: Urine Test
Test
Normal
Abnormal
pH
4.5 – 7.5
Acidic Urine (below 4.5) – Diabetes, starvation, dehydration,
respiratory acidosis.
Alkaline Urine (above 7.5) – Kidney disease, kidney failure,
urinary tract infection, respiratory alkalosis.
Glucose
None
Glucose present (red or green color after test); diabetes
mellitus.
Protein
None
Protein present (violet color after test); kidney disease.
Yeast
None
Yeast present (bubbles form after test); yeast infection in
urinary tract.
Ketones
Little or
None
Large amount of ketones present (sweet smell of urine);
starvation, prolonged vomiting, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and
other metabolic disorders.
Table 4: Simulated Urine pH Test
Simulated Urine Sample
pH
A
B
C
D
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
Table 5: Simulated Urine Glucose Test
Simulated Urine Sample
Color Before Hot Water
Bath
Color After Hot Water Bath
A
B
C
D
Table 6: Simulated Urine Protein Test
Simulated Urine Sample
Color Before Biuret
Solution
Color After Biuret Solution
A
B
C
D
Table 7: Simulated Urine Yeast Test
Simulated Urine
Sample
Bubbles Before
Hydrogen Peroxide?
Bubbles After Hydrogen
Peroxide?
A
B
C
D
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
Table 8: Simulated Urine Ketone Test
Simulated Urine Sample
Odor Observation
A
B
C
D
Table 9: Sample A
Test
Test Results
pH
Glucose
Protein
Yeast
Ketones
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
Table 10: Sample B
Test
Test Results
pH
Glucose
Protein
Yeast
Ketones
Table 11: Sample C
Test
Test Results
pH
Glucose
Protein
Yeast
Ketones
Table 12: Sample D
Test
Test Results
pH
Glucose
Protein
Yeast
Ketones
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
Post-Lab Questions
1. Using the results from each urine sample, along with Table 3, diagnose the condition(s),
if any, that each sample patient is experiencing.
2. If you were a doctor and a patient’s urinalysis came back with a high level of glucose,
ketones, and an acidic pH, what diagnosis would you immediately consider?
3. If you were a doctor and a patient’s urinalysis came back with an alkaline pH and high
levels of protein, what diagnosis would you immediately consider?
4. What other conditions can urine be used to test for?
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
EXPERIMENT 3: VIRTUAL MODEL – THE URINARY SYSTEM
Post-Lab Questions
1. Which component of the urinary system is more lateral: the left kidney or the urinary
bladder?
2. Which component of the urinary system is a funnel shaped cavity formed by the union of
calices, ending in the ureter.
3. What is the most superior component of the urinary system?
4. Where is the prostatic sinus in relation to the prostate?
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
EXPERIMENT 4: FETAL PIG DISSECTION –THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Post-Lab Questions
1. Identify the labeled components of the kidney in the image below.
A______________
B______________
C______________
©eScience Labs, 2016
The Urinary System
D______________
E______________
F______________
2. What is the function of the urinary bladder?
3. What is the function of the adrenal glands?
4. Would you think the kidneys are highly vascularized? Why or why not?
5. Explain in detail the process by which urine is made.
©eScience Labs, 2016
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