1.Provide a general hypothesis towards the research question2.Provide a qualitative observation from your owninterview data.3.Provide at least twocorrelationsfrom the class data (quantitative observation). Include the actual number of the data (percentage/mean) for each correlation.4.Provide a preliminarydiscussion of what these results and correlations may mean.LIGN 8
Winter 2021
A Guide to the Interview Data
Prepared by Gary Patterson and Alex del Giudice, edited by Savi Namboodiripad & Andrés Aguilar
& Yuan Chai
In the Excel spreadsheet titled Winter 2021 data with filters.xlsx you will find the data from
everyone in this class who submitted results from their surveys and students in LIGN 8 of Winter
2021.
In order to open the spreadsheet, you can either open it in Excel (recommended), or upload it to
Google sheet and open the file in google sheet. Please adjust the displace proportion based on your
screen display. We suggest adjusting the displace proportion to 70%. If you would like to open the
files in Excel, but do not have the Microsoft Office software installed on your computer, you can
go to https://blink.ucsd.edu/technology/computers/software-acms/available-software/microsoftindividual.html#Office-365 → Office 365 → Students → Download Microsoft Office 365.
There were 879 total responses to the survey. The raw data is given in its entirety in rows 27 to
907 of the Excel file. In the top left portion of the spreadsheet (rows 1-20, columns A-Y) you will
see a summary of the demographic information of the survey respondents. This is broken down by
Gender (Male, Female), Age Group (e.g. 18-22, 23-27, etc), Ethnicity (e.g. American Indian and
Alaskan Native, Asian, etc), and Generation of Immigration to the US. Note that if an interviewee
checked more than one ethnic group, his/her responses will be counted in more than one group,
resulting in an overall total greater than 879.
In the top right of the spreadsheet (rows 1-20, columns AB-AW), you will see some summary
statistics of the language attitude questions in the survey (Q8 – Q19). These statistics include:
1. The number of responses, the mean response (range 1-7), median response, and the
standard deviation of the response for each question.
2. The percentage of respondents in each group who answered one of the 7 options (from very
much against to very much in favor) for each of the opinion questions (questions 8-15, 17,
& 18 where applicable)
3. The percentage of respondents in each group who answered negatively (1-3), positively (57),
or
in
the
middle
(4)
for
each
of
those
questions.
Row 26 of the spreadsheet contains the column headings for the data. The file has been set up so
that you may easily filter the data to view the results for just a subgroup of the survey participants.
For instance, if you wish only to look at the results for survey respondents aged 52 or over, click
on the arrow in the drop-down box in cell E26 and choose “Over 52.” Now, only the data relating
to survey respondents in this category will be displayed. You will notice that all of the demographic
summaries in the top left of the spreadsheet will have been updated. (Critically, you will see that
in the summary of Age Group data in cells G2-G10, all of these subgroups now show a zero, other
than the cell for the Over 52 category.) The summary statistics relating to questions Q7-Q19 have
also changed, to reflect just the respondents from those over 52. Note that you can add more than
one filter to your data. For instance, if you now select Females by clicking on the drop-down arrow
in cell A26, this will show you data only in respect of female survey respondents aged 52 and over.
Be careful though that once you start applying filters upon filters, you may wind up with very small
numbers of participants in the resulting subgroup. Read very carefully the next section about
interpreting differences, especially in the light of small group sizes. To remove the filters, go back
to the cells containing the column heading(s) that you have already filtered, click on the drop-down
arrow, and choose ‘Show All’ or ‘Clear Filter’ (depending on the version of Excel you are using).
You should end up with the original 879 total respondents in the demographic summary.
LIGN 8
Winter 2021
A note about “significant differences”
The simple explanation
Small differences in proportion or small differences in means are not as trustworthy as big
differences. For example: Suppose you want to say that “people who are 23-27 years old are more
likely to favor public funding for ballot written in a language other than English than people who
are 28-32 years old.” You should first look at the mean response to that question for each group
(the mean for the 23-27 group is about 5.46 on a 1-7 scale, and the mean for the 28-32 group is
about 5.40). Now you might believe that your hypothesis is wrong, because the lower number
suggests people of that group responded less in favor. But you should probably not make this claim
because that difference (0.06) is relatively small. Now consider the corresponding results for the
23-27 group (the mean is 5.46) and the 48-52 group (the mean is 4.79). Now the difference is 0.67,
which is larger. However, you should also be aware that the 48-52 group is relatively small (having
84 respondents respectively, as compared to 117 23-27 year-olds), which makes the result of the
48-52 group less representative.
As a general rule of thumb, when the size of each group is around 100, you should either ignore
differences or make a notice that the difference might not be significant in means that are smaller
than 0.4 for comparing means in the 1-7 scale. When the group sizes are around 200, you should
ignore or make a notice of the differences that are less than 0.3. If the groups are larger than this,
ignore or make a notice of the differences in means that are smaller than 0.2. Be especially careful
when groups are very small (having fewer than 50 respondents). For proportion data (for example,
the data we presented in terms of percentages) you should ignore of make a notice of the differences
that are smaller than 4%.
The more complicated explanation
When you attempt to compare the responses of any two groups (for example males and females or
1st generation immigrants and 3rd generation immigrants) you need to pay attention to small groups
or small differences. A general rule is that if a group is small (if there are only 20 or 30 respondents
in one group) then a small difference might not be “real”; one or two outliers could really throw
the means or proportions way off, for example. So if you are comparing two groups with 300 or
more respondents each, then a difference of about 3% or more is more likely to be real (statistically
significant). If a group only has 15 respondents then you can probably only be sure of differences
that are bigger than 10%. This is not a hard rule, it’s just a general guideline for this particular data.
We expect that in your reports, you will pay attention to group sizes as well as the size of the
differences. If you notice that your group is small or that the difference you are noting is not as big
as some of the other differences you have found, then you should note this.
In general, it’s always best to look for the biggest (meaningful) differences and discuss those. Don’t
simply find any difference and attempt to build an argument from that.
If you know how to perform a chi-squared test or a t-test (something you can do in excel if you
know or look up the formulas), then you should use that when testing differences. If you haven’t
taken a statistics course and are not familiar with these kinds of significance tests, then use
LIGN 8
Winter 2021
discretion when making statements about differences in responses and always pay attention to the
size of the groups you are comparing.
Feel free to round data to a smaller decimal place. One decimal place is probably enough for most
of the data (if you don’t feel like doing this in your head you can even have excel do it for you by
right-clicking on the relevant cell, choosing “format cell” and selecting the “number” option. In
that menu, there is an option for rounding to your choice of decimal place).
LIGN 8 — Languages and Cultures of America
Interviewee #________
Minority languages survey
“I am in a class on language and culture at UCSD, and we have been reading about minority
languages. Can I ask you a few questions related to these topics? The interview should not take
longer than half an hour. You don’t have to answer any questions that you don’t want to, and you
can end the interview at any time. This interview will be kept anonymous, and the results are for
class purposes only. Summaries of the anonymous results from all students in the course will be
shared on a course website with the course professor, TAs, and other students in the course.”
Biographical information
1. Male, Female or Non-binary
2. How old are you?
3. How would you classify
yourself racially and
ethnically? (Select all that
apply.)
4. Which of the following best
describes you?
*Please note that “immigrate”
here does not have political or
citizenship meanings. If you are
currently living in the USA, it
means you “immigrated” to the
USA.
5. Do you speak a language
other than English regularly?
6. If you answered ‘Yes’ in 5,
which language(s) do you
speak regularly? (Select all
that apply.)
7. If you selected “other” in
Question 6, which other
language(s) do you speak?
☐ Male
☐ Female
☐ Non-binary
☐ 18–22
☐ 23–27
☐ 28–32
☐ 33–37
☐ 38–42
☐ 43–47
☐ 48–52
☐ over 52
☐ Black or African American
☐ White
☐ Asian
☐ American Indian and Alaska Native
☐ Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
☐ Hispanic/Latino
☐ Other
☐ I immigrated* to the USA as an adult.
☐ I immigrated to the USA as a child.
☐ One or both of my parents immigrated to the USA, but I was born
here.
☐ One, some, or all of my grandparents immigrated to the USA, but my
parents and I were born here.
☐ I am currently not in USA, but I have some knowledge of USA.
☐ Yes
☐ No
☐ American Sign Language
☐ Arabic ☐ Armenian
☐ Cantonese
☐ Danish ☐ Dutch
☐ Farsi (Persian)
☐ Finnish
☐ French ☐ German ☐ Greek
☐ Gujarathi
☐ Hebrew ☐ Hindi
☐ Hmong
☐ Hungarian
☐ Italian ☐ Japanese ☐ Korean
☐ Laotian
☐ Mandarin Chinese
☐ Mon-Khmer (Cambodian) ☐ Navajo ☐ Norwegian
☐ Polish
☐ Portuguese
☐ Russian
☐ Serbo-Croatian ☐ Spanish ☐ Swedish ☐ Tagalog
☐ Thai
☐ Urdu
☐ Vietnamese
☐ Yiddish
☐ Other
LIGN 8 — Languages and Cultures of America
Interviewee #________
Minority language survey
Main questions
8. Are you in favor of public
funding for voting ballots in
languages spoken by
significant minority groups?
9. Are you in favor of public
funding for healthcare
programs in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
10. Are you in favor of public
funding for school
programs in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
11. Are you in favor of public
funding for after-school
programs in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
12. Are you in favor of public
funding for radio, TV, and
other media (including
advertising) in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
13. Are you in favor of private
funding for radio, TV, and
other media (including
advertising) in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
14. Are you in favor of private
business activities being
conducted in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
15. Are you in favor of
government activities being
conducted in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
LIGN 8 — Languages and Cultures of America
Interviewee #________
Minority language survey
Subsidiary questions
16. Is English the official
language of the USA?
17. Are you in favor of making
English the official
language of the USA?
18. Are you in favor of making
English and some other
language(s) official in the
USA?
19. What languages other than
English would you consider
making official? (Or, if you
answered ‘somewhat
against’ to ‘very against’ in
18, what languages do you
think others might want to
make official?) (Select all
that apply.)
☐1
very much
against
☐1
very much
against
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐2
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐3
somewhat
against
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐4
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐6
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐7
very much
in favor
☐7
very much
in favor
☐ American Sign Language
☐ Arabic ☐ Armenian
☐ Cantonese
☐ Danish ☐ Dutch
☐ Farsi (Persian)
☐ Finnish
☐ French ☐ German ☐ Greek
☐ Gujarathi
☐ Hebrew ☐ Hindi
☐ Hmong
☐ Hungarian
☐ Italian ☐ Japanese ☐ Korean
☐ Laotian
☐ Mandarin Chinese
☐ Mon-Khmer (Cambodian) ☐ Navajo ☐ Norwegian
☐ Polish
☐ Portuguese
☐ Russian
☐ Serbo-Croatian ☐ Spanish ☐ Swedish ☐ Tagalog
☐ Thai
☐ Urdu
☐ Vietnamese
☐ Yiddish
☐ Other
20. If you selected “other” in
Question 6, which other
language(s) do you speak?
21. What do you think would be different (whether positive or negative) if English were declared
the official language of the USA? What do you think would stay the same?
______________________________________________________________________________
If English were declared the official language of the USA, I think there will be a negative and
______________________________________________________________________________
positive view/thought about it. Looking at the bright side, America ultimately has its official
______________________________________________________________________________
language (pride). Thus, regardless of how USA is a country of immigrants and multinational nation,
______________________________________________________________________________
English has been spoken by most majority and formally used in many institutions (Education, law).
______________________________________________________________________________
However, the adoption of official language is problematic because people living in the America has
______________________________________________________________________________
long history of descendant from different nationality (tend to carry and pass down culture to generation).
______________________________________________________________________________
Thus, America is mother of democracy (value personal freedom and fundamental human rights).
LIGN 8 — Languages and Cultures of America
Interviewee #________
Minority languages survey
“I am in a class on language and culture at UCSD, and we have been reading about minority
languages. Can I ask you a few questions related to these topics? The interview should not take
longer than half an hour. You don’t have to answer any questions that you don’t want to, and you
can end the interview at any time. This interview will be kept anonymous, and the results are for
class purposes only. Summaries of the anonymous results from all students in the course will be
shared on a course website with the course professor, TAs, and other students in the course.”
Biographical information
1. Male, Female or Non-binary
2. How old are you?
3. How would you classify
yourself racially and
ethnically? (Select all that
apply.)
4. Which of the following best
describes you?
*Please note that “immigrate”
here does not have political or
citizenship meanings. If you are
currently living in the USA, it
means you “immigrated” to the
USA.
5. Do you speak a language
other than English regularly?
6. If you answered ‘Yes’ in 5,
which language(s) do you
speak regularly? (Select all
that apply.)
7. If you selected “other” in
Question 6, which other
language(s) do you speak?
☐ Male
☐ Female
☐ Non-binary
☐ 18–22
☐ 23–27
☐ 28–32
☐ 33–37
☐ 38–42
☐ 43–47
☐ 48–52
☐ over 52
☐ Black or African American
☐ White
☐ Asian
☐ American Indian and Alaska Native
☐ Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
☐ Hispanic/Latino
☐ Other
☐ I immigrated* to the USA as an adult.
☐ I immigrated to the USA as a child.
☐ One or both of my parents immigrated to the USA, but I was born
here.
☐ One, some, or all of my grandparents immigrated to the USA, but my
parents and I were born here.
☐ I am currently not in USA, but I have some knowledge of USA.
☐ Yes
☐ No
☐ American Sign Language
☐ Arabic ☐ Armenian
☐ Cantonese
☐ Danish ☐ Dutch
☐ Farsi (Persian)
☐ Finnish
☐ French ☐ German ☐ Greek
☐ Gujarathi
☐ Hebrew ☐ Hindi
☐ Hmong
☐ Hungarian
☐ Italian ☐ Japanese ☐ Korean
☐ Laotian
☐ Mandarin Chinese
☐ Mon-Khmer (Cambodian) ☐ Navajo ☐ Norwegian
☐ Polish
☐ Portuguese
☐ Russian
☐ Serbo-Croatian ☐ Spanish ☐ Swedish ☐ Tagalog
☐ Thai
☐ Urdu
☐ Vietnamese
☐ Yiddish
☐ Other
LIGN 8 — Languages and Cultures of America
Interviewee #________
Minority language survey
Main questions
8. Are you in favor of public
funding for voting ballots in
languages spoken by
significant minority groups?
9. Are you in favor of public
funding for healthcare
programs in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
10. Are you in favor of public
funding for school
programs in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
11. Are you in favor of public
funding for after-school
programs in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
12. Are you in favor of public
funding for radio, TV, and
other media (including
advertising) in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
13. Are you in favor of private
funding for radio, TV, and
other media (including
advertising) in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
14. Are you in favor of private
business activities being
conducted in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
15. Are you in favor of
government activities being
conducted in languages
spoken by significant
minority groups?
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
LIGN 8 — Languages and Cultures of America
Interviewee #________
Minority language survey
Subsidiary questions
16. Is English the official
language of the USA?
17. Are you in favor of making
English the official
language of the USA?
18. Are you in favor of making
English and some other
language(s) official in the
USA?
19. What languages other than
English would you consider
making official? (Or, if you
answered ‘somewhat
against’ to ‘very against’ in
18, what languages do you
think others might want to
make official?) (Select all
that apply.)
☐1
very much
against
☐1
very much
against
☐1
very much
against
☐2
☐2
☐2
☐3
somewhat
against
☐3
somewhat
against
☐3
somewhat
against
☐4
☐4
☐4
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐5
somewhat
in favor
☐6
☐6
☐6
☐7
very much
in favor
☐7
very much
in favor
☐7
very much
in favor
☐ American Sign Language
☐ Arabic ☐ Armenian
☐ Cantonese
☐ Danish ☐ Dutch
☐ Farsi (Persian)
☐ Finnish
☐ French ☐ German ☐ Greek
☐ Gujarathi
☐ Hebrew ☐ Hindi
☐ Hmong
☐ Hungarian
☐ Italian ☐ Japanese ☐ Korean
☐ Laotian
☐ Mandarin Chinese
☐ Mon-Khmer (Cambodian) ☐ Navajo ☐ Norwegian
☐ Polish
☐ Portuguese
☐ Russian
☐ Serbo-Croatian ☐ Spanish ☐ Swedish ☐ Tagalog
☐ Thai
☐ Urdu
☐ Vietnamese
☐ Yiddish
☐ Other
20. If you selected “other” in
Question 6, which other
language(s) do you speak?
21. What do you think would be different (whether positive or negative) if English were declared
the official language of the USA? What do you think would stay the same?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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