In Module , Ken makes the statement “There are many more kinds of parasitic than non-parasitic organisms. Organisms that are not parasites are hosts of parasites. Most parasites are, themselves, hosts to other parasites.” Does that statement coincide with your current or previous perception of types of organisms in the world? Does it make sense to you evolutionarily? – the discussion need to be 300-400 word- after writing the discussion please replay to the. same discussion that you wrote just pretend that you are another student and you. are replying to that discussion. 200-300What is a Parasite?
“A parasite is an organism that lives on or
in a host organism and gets it’s food from
or at the expense of its host.”
Most Organisms are Parasites
There are many more kinds of parasitic than non-
parasitic organisms, even if you exclude viruses and
rickettsia (which are clearly parasites). Organisms
that are not parasites are hosts of parasites. Most
parasites are, themselves, hosts to other parasites.
Humans are hosts to more than a 100 different kinds
of parasites not counting bacteria, viruses, and
fungi. Even animals raised under strict laboratory
conditions are often found with some parasites.
Parasite and Vertebrate Relationships
Bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms have
developed together for at least 400 million years
before the appearance of people. It is presumed,
that prior to the appearance of people, relationships
between other vertebrates and parasites were also
well established. Parasitic relationships developed
first as a result of of nesting and living in close
proximity to human wastes and detritus.
Parasitism is a Type of Symbiosis
Symbiosis describes close interactions between two
or more different species. It is different from regular
interactions between species, because the two
species are in some way dependent. Many
organisms are involved in symbiotic relationships
because this interaction provides benefits to both
species. However, there are types of symbiosis that
are not beneficial and may in fact harm one or both
of the species.
There are three main types
of Symbiosis:
Commensal
The Gaudy Leaf Frog, is a poison
frog that uses the Vermiliad leaf
as shelter from the weather and
the leaf is unaffected.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a
symbiosis in which one
organism benefits from, and
is often completely
dependent on, the other for
The Bromeliad is a plant grows
dependent on, the other for
The Bromeliad is a plant grows
on trees so it can get sunlight and
food, shelter, or locomotion,
rain where as if it was on the
with no obvious effect on the
ground it couldn’t and the tree is
unaffected.
host. The relationship
between whales and
barnacles is an example of
commensalism. The
barnacles attach themselves
to the tough skin of whales,
and benefit from widespread movement and
exposure to currents, from which they feed, while
the whale is seemingly unaffected by their presence.
Mutualistic
Mutualism
Capuchin Monkeys swing from tree to
tree and get the nectar from the
flowers but the nectar gets stuck to Mutualism is a form of
them as they eat and when they move
on it pollinates all the flowers.
symbiosis in which both
symbiotic partners benefit
from the interaction, often
resulting in a significant
fitness gain for either one or
both parties. Mutualism can
Leaf Cutter Ants cut chunks of take the form of resource-
leaf from trees then they bring it
back to there home and protect it resource relationships,
from other insects. They eat it
and the plant grows there.
service-resource
relationships, or service-
service relationships.
Resource-resource
mutualisms (also known as
‘trophic mutualisms’) happen
through the exchange of one
resource for another between the two organisms
involved.
Parasitism
Parasitic
This is a parasitic wasp it injects
its eggs into a host plant and
Parasitism is the non-
when the babies hatch they eat
the plant. Which means the plant
mutualistic form of
dies.
symbiosis, occurring when
one of the organisms
benefits at the expense of
the other. Unlike predation,
parasitism does not
necessarily result in direct Refflesia Arnoldii is the largest
flower on earth it attaches itself
death of the parasitized
onto a host vine and takes all its
nutrients to live off of. Which kills
organism, and often it is
the vine.
imperative to the life cycle of
the parasite to keep its host
alive. Sometimes the
parasitized host is killed as
result of parasitic invasion.
An endoparasite is a type of
parasite that lives inside the host body to feed off
tissue. An ectoparasite lives outside of the host
body and may be involved in influencing behaviors
that benefit the parasite in which the parasite steals
food or other resources from a host.
Parasitic Tendencies
Increased biotic potential
Parasites must survive both the defense efforts of
the host but also the problematic interlude between
hosts. Their offspring must be able to infect the next
host and follow sometimes complex life cycles that
What is a Parasite?
“A parasite is an organism that lives on or
in a host organism and gets it’s food from
or at the expense of its host.”
Most Organisms are Parasites
There are many more kinds of parasitic than non-
parasitic organisms, even if you exclude viruses and
rickettsia (which are clearly parasites). Organisms
that are not parasites are hosts of parasites. Most
parasites are, themselves, hosts to other parasites.
Humans are hosts to more than a 100 different kinds
of parasites not counting bacteria, viruses, and
fungi. Even animals raised under strict laboratory
conditions are often found with some parasites.
Parasite and Vertebrate Relationships
Bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms have
developed together for at least 400 million years
before the appearance of people. It is presumed,
that prior to the appearance of people, relationships
between other vertebrates and parasites were also
well established. Parasitic relationships developed
first as a result of of nesting and living in close
proximity to human wastes and detritus.
Parasitism is a Type of Symbiosis
Symbiosis describes close interactions between two
or more different species. It is different from regular
interactions between species, because the two
species are in some way dependent. Many
organisms are involved in symbiotic relationships
because this interaction provides benefits to both
species. However, there are types of symbiosis that
are not beneficial and may in fact harm one or both
of the species.
There are three main types
of Symbiosis:
Commensal
The Gaudy Leaf Frog, is a poison
frog that uses the Vermiliad leaf
as shelter from the weather and
the leaf is unaffected.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a
symbiosis in which one
organism benefits from, and
is often completely
dependent on, the other for
The Bromeliad is a plant grows
dependent on, the other for
The Bromeliad is a plant grows
on trees so it can get sunlight and
food, shelter, or locomotion,
rain where as if it was on the
with no obvious effect on the
ground it couldn’t and the tree is
unaffected.
host. The relationship
between whales and
barnacles is an example of
commensalism. The
barnacles attach themselves
to the tough skin of whales,
and benefit from widespread movement and
exposure to currents, from which they feed, while
the whale is seemingly unaffected by their presence.
Mutualistic
Mutualism
Capuchin Monkeys swing from tree to
tree and get the nectar from the
flowers but the nectar gets stuck to Mutualism is a form of
them as they eat and when they move
on it pollinates all the flowers.
symbiosis in which both
symbiotic partners benefit
from the interaction, often
resulting in a significant
fitness gain for either one or
both parties. Mutualism can
Leaf Cutter Ants cut chunks of take the form of resource-
leaf from trees then they bring it
back to there home and protect it resource relationships,
from other insects. They eat it
and the plant grows there.
service-resource
relationships, or service-
service relationships.
Resource-resource
mutualisms (also known as
‘trophic mutualisms’) happen
through the exchange of one
resource for another between the two organisms
involved.
Parasitism
Parasitic
This is a parasitic wasp it injects
its eggs into a host plant and
Parasitism is the non-
when the babies hatch they eat
the plant. Which means the plant
mutualistic form of
dies.
symbiosis, occurring when
one of the organisms
benefits at the expense of
the other. Unlike predation,
parasitism does not
necessarily result in direct Refflesia Arnoldii is the largest
flower on earth it attaches itself
death of the parasitized
onto a host vine and takes all its
nutrients to live off of. Which kills
organism, and often it is
the vine.
imperative to the life cycle of
the parasite to keep its host
alive. Sometimes the
parasitized host is killed as
result of parasitic invasion.
An endoparasite is a type of
parasite that lives inside the host body to feed off
tissue. An ectoparasite lives outside of the host
body and may be involved in influencing behaviors
that benefit the parasite in which the parasite steals
food or other resources from a host.
Parasitic Tendencies
Increased biotic potential
Parasites must survive both the defense efforts of
the host but also the problematic interlude between
hosts. Their offspring must be able to infect the next
host and follow sometimes complex life cycles that
host and follow sometimes complex life cycles that
involve more than one host. To overcome the great
odds against completing a successful life cycle most
parasites produce enormous numbers of offspring.
Asexual reproduction
Below is an example of asexual reproduction of the
malaria protozoa. This occurs primarily in the human
liver. These differentiate later and sexual
reproduction takes place in the mosquito.
Merozoites
Nucleus
Schizont
Multiple mitoses
Cytokinesis
Many parasites can reproduce asexually which can
greatly increase numbers rapidly when opportunity
is optimal. A few form complex life cycles that can
include asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction
depending on favorable external conditions.
Balance of Symbiosis
A symbiont must strike some balance between the
tendency to damage its host, and the hosts immune
system which is designed to to defend against
foreign bodies. The host must survive long enough
for the symbiont to reproduce and long enough to
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